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ARCHAEOLOGY SEMINAR: PRECOLONIAL URBAN CULTURES OF AFRICA
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Time and place: 9:20-1100 AM Instructor: Chapurukha M. Kusimba phone +4202235355472 Email: ckusimba@mail.fmnh.org |
Background papers: - African
vegetation zones
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Office Hours:
Requirements
Mid-term and final examinations (25% each of final grade), one 10 page paper (50% of final grade), satisfactory class attendance. The examinations will be in the form of short essay questions. My evaluation of both papers and examinations will be based upon (1) your comprehension of material from lectures and readings; (2) your ability to produce a well-structured, clearly written and convincing argument and (3) in the case of papers, evidence of independent research beyond material presented in lectures and assigned readings. Follow the style guide in American Antiquity.
Content
This course will provide a brief overview of the archaeological record of social complexity in Sub Saharan Africa.
The following required texts will be used:
Shaw, T. P. Sinclair, B. Andah, and A. Okpoko (editors), Archaeology Food, Metals and Towns (London: Routledge)
Chapurukha M. Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States (Walnut Creek: Altamira, 1999);
John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1997).
Schedule of classes and bibliography
Readings marked with an asterisk are required. The remainder are supplementary or are citations for studies discussed in the lecture. Articles from Journals are assembled in the course pack which can be purchased from the Anthropology Department. Assigned books will be found in the reference library.
J. Vogel (ed.)
Part I. African Environments
Geography and geology Celia Nyamweru pp29-34
Pleistocene and Holocene climates and vegetation zones A.T. Grove pp 35-38
Modern climates and vegetation zones A.T. Grove pp 39-41
Quaternary environment Louis Scott pp. 42-45
Disease and a factor in African history Renee Pennington 46-50
2. February 21, 2003. History of archaeology in Africa, part 1: Anglophone Africa and the Cambridge connection.
*Robertshaw, Peter
1990 The development of archaeology in east Africa. In P. Robertshaw (ed.) A history of African Archaeology (London: James Currey), pp. 78-94;
Robertshaw, Peter
1999 Sibling rivalry? The intersection of archaeology and history. H-Africa.
*Kusimba, C.M.
1999 Rise and Fall of Swahili
States. Chapter one. Pp.
*G. Connah
1998 Static Image: dynamic reality.
In G. Connah (ed.) Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's Later Past.
Leicester: Leicester University Press. pp. 1-13.
3. February 28, 2003.. History of archaeology in Africa, part 2: Francophone Africa.
*De Barros, Philip
1990 Changing paradigms, goals and
methods in the archaeology of Francophone West Africa. In P. Robertshaw (ed.)
A history of African Archaeology (London: James Currey), pp. 155-172
Diop, Cheikh Anta
*Holl, AFC.
1990 West African Archaeology:colonialism and nationalim. In P. Robertshaw (ed.) A history of African Archaeology (London: James Currey), pp. 296-308.
*McIntosh, Susan K.
1994 Changing Perceptions of West Africa's Past: Archaeological Research Since 1988. Journal of Archaeological Research 2 (2):165-198.
*Trigger, Bruce
Vansina, Jan
1999 "Historians, are Archeologists your siblings? Republished on H-AFRICA
4. March7, 2003. The emergence of agriculture: centers and non-centers.
*Phillipson, David
1985 African Archaeology (Cambridge University Press), pp. 113-148
Clark, J. Desmond and Steven Brandt (eds.)
Harlan, J. J de Wet and A. Stemler (eds.)
1971 Agricultural origins: centers and non-centers. Science 174:468-474
Harlan, J.R.
*Harlan, J.R.
*Holl, AFC
1985 Subsistence patterns in the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauretania. The African Archaeological Review 3:151-163
Munson, Patrick J.
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapter 16: The beginnings of agriculture pp. 157-166.
Simmonds, N.W. (ed.).
*Damania, A.B., K. Valkoun, G. Willcox, and C.o. Qualset (eds.)
1998 The origins of agriculture
and crop domestication: The Harlan Symposium. Aleppo: Syria. Part 1 pp.
5-50.
5. March14, 2003. Emergence of specialist pastoral societies in East and Southern Africa.
Ambrose, Stanley H.
1984 The introduction of pastoral adaptations to the highlands of east Africa. In J. Desmond Clark and Steven Brandt (eds.) From hunters to farmers: the causes and consequences of food production in Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 212-239
Barthelme, John W.
1985 Fisher-hunters and neolithic pastoralists in East Turkana, Kenya. Oxford: BAR International Series 254.
Borland, C.H.
1986 The linguistic reconstruction of prehistoric pastoralist vocabulary. In Martin Hall and Andrew B. Smith (eds.) Prehistoric pastoralism in South Africa (Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5), pp. 31-35
*Bower, John
*Ehret, C.
1967 Cattle-keeping and milking in east and southern African history: The linguistic evidence. Journal of African History 8:1-17.
Klein, Richard G
1986 The prehistory of stone age herders in the Cape Province of South Africa. In Martin Hall and Andrew B. Smith (eds.) Prehistoric pastoralism in South Africa (Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5), pp. 5-12
Maggs, Tim and Gavin Whitelaw
Marshall, Fiona
*Marshall, Fiona.
2000 The origins and spread of domestic animals in east Africa. In Blench, R.M. and K.C. Macdonald (eds). The origins and development of African livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistic and ethnography. London: University College Press. pp. 191-221
*Holl, AFC.
1998 The Dawn of African pastoralisms: An Introductory Note. Journal of Anthropological Anthropology 17:81-96.
*Gifford-Gonzalez, D.
1998a. Early Pastoralists in East Africa: Ecological and Social Dimensions. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17:166-200.
Gifford-Gonzalez, D.
1998b. Gender and Early Pastoralists in East Africa. In S. Kent (ed.) Gender in African Prehistory. Walnut Creek. Altamira Press, pp. 115-137.
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapters 17 &18: Renewable resources and pastoral scene pp. 167-189.
Smith, Andrew B.
2000 The origins of the domesticated animals of southern Africa. In Blench, R.M. and K.C. Macdonald (eds). The origins and development of African livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistic and ethnography. London: University College Press. pp. 222-238.
6. March21, 2003.Early civilizations of Nubia and the Sudan: Napata and Meroe.
*Connah, Graham
1987 African civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 24-66.
Adams, William Y.
1977 Nubia: corridor to Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fattovich,
1997 In J. Vogel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Precolonial African archaeology.Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. Pp 00-00.
Shinnie, Peter
1967 Meroe: a civilization of the Sudan. London: Thames and Hudson
Shinnie, P.L and R.J. Bradley
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapters 20-22: The Nile, The Periplus of the Erythraen Sea, and Aksum. pp. 203-235.
7. April 18, 2003. The Bantu expansion: reconciling historical linguistics with archaeology.
*Collett, David
1982 Models of the spread of the early Iron Age. In Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnanasky (eds.) The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African prehistory (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 182-198
Ehret, Christoper
1982 Linguistic inferences about early Bantu history. In Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnanasky (eds.) The archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African prehistory (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 57-65.
Gramly, R. M.
1978 Expansion of Bantu-speakers versus development of Bantu language and culture in situ: an archaeological perspective. South African Archaeological Bulletin 33:107-112
Greenberg, Joseph
1955 Studies in African linguistic classification. New Haven.
Guthrie, Malcolm
1962 Some developments in the prehistory of the Bantu languages. Journal of African History 3:273-283
*Phillipson, David
1976 Archaeology and Bantu linguistics. World Archaeology 8:65-82
Vansina, Jan
1979 Bantu in the crystal ball, I. History in Africa 6:288-333.
Vansina, Jan
1980 Bantu in the crystal ball, II. History in Africa 7:293-325.
Vansina, Jan
1984 Western Bantu expansion. Journal of African History 25:129-145
Sinclair, Paul J and Hakansson
2000
8. Apri 18, 2003. Origins and spread of metallurgy in Africa.
Childs, S.Terry
1991 Style, technology, and iron smelting in Bantu speaking Africa. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10:332-359
*Childs, S.Terry and David Killick
1993 African metallurgy: Nature and Culture. Annual Review of Anthropology 22:317-337
Grébénart, Danilo
1987 Characteristics of the final Neolithic and Metal Ages in the region of Agadez (Niger). In Angela Close (ed.) Prehistory of Arid North Africa (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press), pp. 287-316
Killick, D. J., N. J. van der Merwe, R. B. Gordon and D. Grébénart
1988 Reassessment of the evidence for early metallurgy in Niger, West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 15:367-394
*Kusimba, Chapurukha M, David Killick, and Richard Creswell
1994 Indigenous and imported metals at Swahili sites on the coast of Kenya. In S. Terry Childs (ed.) Society, Culture, and Technology in Africa (Philadelphia: MASCA Papers In Science and Archaeology), pp. 63-78
*Schmidt, Peter1998 Reading gender in ancient iron technology of Africa. In S. Kent (ed.) Gender in African prehistory. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. Pp139-162.
*Woodhouse, James.
1998 Iron in Africa: metal from nowhere. In G. Connah (ed.) Transformations in Africa: Eassays on Africa's Later Past. Leicester: Leicester University Press. Pp. 160-185.
*Schmidt, Peter and S. Terry Childs.
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapters 19: The impact of iron. pp. 191-199.
*van der Merwe, N. J.
1980 The advent of iron in Africa. In T.E. Wertime & J.D. Muhly (eds.) The Coming of the Age of Iron (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 463-506.
Trigger, B.G.
1969 Meroe and the myth of the African Iron Age. International Journal of African Historical Studies 2:23-50
9. April25, 2003. The Ethiopian civilization of Axum.
*Connah, Graham
1987 African civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67-96.
Butzer, Karl
1981 Rise and fall of Axum, Ethiopia: a geo-archaeological interpretation. American Antiquity 46:471-495
Kobishchanov, Yuri M.
1979 Axum. Translated by L.T. Kapitanoff, edited by J.W. Michels. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Michels, Joseph W.
1990 Review article: excavations at Aksum. The African Archaeological Review 8:177-188
Munro-Hay, Stuart
1990 Excavations at Axum: an account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972-74 by the late Dr.Neville Chittick. London: British Institute in East Africa, Memoir 10.
Munro-Hay, Stuart
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapters 22: Aksum. pp. 217-235.
10. April 25, 2003 Origins of urbanism in West Africa before the advent of Islam.
Connah, Graham
*Holl, A F C
1985. Background to the Ghana Empire: Archaeological investigations on the Transition to Statehood in the Dhar Tichitt Region (Mauritania). Journal of Anthropological Anthropology 4:73-115.
McIntosh, Roderick. J. and Susan K. McIntosh
1980 Prehistoric investigations in the region of Jenne, Mali, 2 vols. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 2. Oxford: BAR International Series 89 (i) and 89 (ii).
*McIntosh, Roderick. J. and Susan K. McIntosh
*Reader, John.
1997 Chapters 23: cities without citadels. pp. 235-251.
*McIntosh, Susan K. and Roderick. J. McIntosh
1984 The early city in West Africa: towards an understanding. African Archaeological Review 2:73-98
12. May 2, 2003. East Africa, Islam and the trade routes of the Indian Ocean; settlement of Madagascar.
Allen, James de Vere
1993 Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon. London: James Currey
*Connah, Graham
1987 African civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 150-182
Chittick, Neville
1974 Kilwa: an Islamic trading city on the East African coast, 2 vols. Nairobi: British Institute in East Africa, Memoir 5
Chittick, Neville
1984 Manda: excavations at an island port on the Kenya coast. Nairobi: British Institute in East Africa, Memoir 9
Dewar, Robert
1995 Of nets and trees: untangling the reticulate and dendritic in Madagascar's prehistory. World Archaeology 26 (3):301-318
*Dewar, Robert and Henry Wright
Juma, Andulrahman M.
1996 The Swahili and the Mediterranean worlds:pottery of the late Roman period from Zanzibar. Antiquity 70:148-154
Kusimba, Chapurukha M.
1993 The archaeology and ethnography of iron metallurgy on the Kenya coast (Ann Arbor: University Microfilm, Inc.)
*Kusimba, Chapurukha M.
1999 The Rise and Fall of Swahili States. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
Mazrui, Alamini M. and Ibrahim N. Shariff
1994 The Swahili:Idiom and Identity of an African people. Trenton: Africa World Press
Middleton, John.
*Pearson, Michael N.
1998. Port Cities and Intruders
*Sinclair, Paul J
Sinclair, P.J.J. and T. Håkansson
2000 The Swahili City-State Culture. In Press
13. May9, 2003. Trading states in southern Africa: Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe.
Hall, Martin
1991 Farmers, kings and traders: the peoples of southern Africa, 200-1860 (Chicago University Press), pp. 74-116
*Connah, Graham
1987 African civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183-213
Caton-Thompson, Gertrude
1931 The Zimbabwe culture: ruins and reactions. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Garlake, Peter S.
1973 Great Zimbabwe. London: Thames and Hudson.
Huffman, Thomas N.
*1986 Settlement patterns and the origin of class distinction in Southern Africa. Advances in World Archaeology 5:291-338
Huffman, Thomas N.
1996 Snakes and crocodiles: power and symbolism in ancient Zimbabwe.
Summers, Roger
1969 Ancient mining in Rhodesia and adjacent areas. Salisbury: National Museums of Rhodesia Memoir 3.
14. May 16, 2003. Historical archaeology, part 1: the consequences of Portuguese and Dutch maritime expansion to East and South Africa
*Garlake, Peter S.
1969 Excavations at the seventeenth-century site of Dambarare, Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 54:23-61
Kirkman, James
1974 Fort Jesus: a Portuguese fortress on the East African Coast. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Newitt, Malyn and Peter Garlake
1967 The 'aringa' at Massangano. Journal of African History 8:133-156
*Schrire, Carmel
1988 The historical archaeology of the impact of colonialism in 17th-century South Africa. Antiquity 62:214-225
Smith, A.B.
1986 Excavations at Plettenberg Bay, South Africa of the camp-site of the survivors of the wreck of the Sao Gonçalo (A.D. 1630). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15: 53-63
15. May 23, 2003. The future of the past in Africa.
*Musonda, Francis B.
1990 African archaeology: looking forward. The African Archaeological Review 8:3-22
*Shaw, Thurstan
1989 African archaeology: looking back and looking forward. The African Archaeological Review 7:3-32
Hassan, Fekri
1995 Articles from African Archaeological Review. New York, Plenum Press.